Digital flashcard L2 Vocabulary learning out-performs traditional flashcards at lower proficiency levels: A mixed-methods study of 139 Japanese university students

Bob Ashcroft has taught English in Poland, Germany, and Cambodia, and is currently Associate Professor at Tokai University, Sapporo campus, in Japan.He has a Master’s Degree in Applied Linguistics from Birmingham University, and a Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults (DELTA).His current research interests include CALL, vocabulary learning and teaching English using movies.You can find out more atwww.bobashcroft.com.

Bob Cvitkovic is an associate professor and currently works at Tokai University in Japan. He is researching feedback and engagement in English learning apps.

Max Praver is an associate professor at Meijo University in the faculty of foreign studies. He received his doctoral degree from Temple University. His research interests lie in teacher self-efficacy, motivation, and technology enhanced learning.